geopractice2

Romania merupakan sebuah negara kecil berjiran dengan Hungary. Menurut laporan bilangan penduduk Muslim di Romania cuma 64,000 amat minoriti (sekitar 0.34% total penduduk Romania). Ottoman Turki pernah memasuki wilayah Romania pada penghujung kurun ke-15. Maka merekalah yang menjadi penduduk asal Muslim iaitu kebanyakannya di sekitar Constanta. Kuching Museum Masjid Carol I, Constanta - mula dibina pada 1910 (source -  danube ) Baca "Romania: a beacon of coexistence for Muslims in Eastern Europe". Link -  aljazeera  2019. Baca "Muslims in Romania". Link  isim  newsletter 3/99. Baca "The Muslims Gypsies in Romania". Link  isim  newsletter 8/01. Baca "The Carol I Mosque in Constanta". Link -  old  history dan  beautiful  mosque. - - - - -

Rustem Pasya adalah tokoh Ottoman pada period Suleyman (r.1512-1566). Rustem terlibat dalam pembunuhan Mustafa yang ketika itu adalah pembesar Ottoman yang menjadi calun utama mengganti Suleyman. Isteri Suleyman bernama Hurrem Sultan berkomplot bersama Rustem Pasya untuk menaikan salah seorang anak Hurrem bagi mengganti Suleyman. Komplot inilah yang membawa kepada pembunuhan Mustafa. Rustem Pasya yang memegang jawatan Grand Vizier adalah juga menantu kepada Suleyman. Beliau mengahwini anak Hurrem Sultan. Sebagai pembesar Rustem pastinya mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat. Satu petikan dari sebuah artikel ada memuatkan info mengenai kekayaan Rustem yang ditinggal ketika kematian beliau. Petikan ( link ): While the Prince Mustafa, the heir of the Ottoman Empire which spread over three continents, being murdered, the Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha was murdered in his bed. When we look at the wealth that Rüstem Pasha left behind, an image will appear in the reader’s eye about the power that bureaucra...

Mihrimah lahir sekitar 1522, adalah anak kepada Suleyman (d.1566) bersama isteri beliau Hurrem Sultan (d.1558). Mihrimah adalah isteri Rustem Pasha (1561). Mihrimah meninggal dunia pada 1578 ( wiki ). Petikan -  link Mihrimah was the only daughter of the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman I and his favorite concubine, later his wife, Hurrem. This paper argues that Mihrimah’s gender allowed her to form a unique relationship with her father. Mihrimah’s marriage to Rüstem Pasha, who became grand vizier in 1544 gave Mihrimah, Rustem and Hurrem together more influence over Süleyman than any other faction during his reign.  They worked to promote to positions of authority their closest relatives, such as Rustem’s brother, Sinan Pasha, appointed admiral in 1550 despite his inexperience in naval matters and his difficulty in working with experienced seamen. Their influence led to the execution of Süleyman’s eldest son, Mustafa, who was the son of his first favorite, because their future power an...

Bahan bacaan mengenai Ottoman Suleyman memang banyak khususnya berkait pembunuhan anak beliau Mustafa pada 1553. Antaranya adalah: Why was prince Mustafa killed?  -  link .  Petikan:  The supreme of the Ottoman Sultans, aged their princes along with him. In this respect, perhaps Suleyman's memories of his father, Sultan Yavuz Selim, unthroning his grandfather Sufi Bayezid with the support of the Janissaries had been effective. Süleyman, who was the greatest ruler of the world in his period, was seeing each of his princes as a potential Yavuz. When the princes complete their youthfulness and turned into middle-aged governors of a sanjak, problems started anyway. These was in a position that they each have their own little provincial army, take the support of public opinion composed of İstanbul tradesfolk and Janissaries in a certain extent. Rustem Pasha caravaserai in edirne - turkish archaeo -  link 3 Successes and 3 Failures of the Reign of Suleiman the Magnifi...

Sultan Sulaiman naik takhta Ottoman menggantikan ayah beliau, Selim I, yang meninggal dunia pada 1520. Dalam sesetengah buku mencatat bahawa pada awal Sulayman naik takhta berlaku banyak pembunuhan terhadap ahli keluarga. Mereka dibunuh kerana bimbang menimbulkan kekacauan merebut takhta. Namun catatan mengenai Sulayman dalam buku Maksudoglu tidak menyentuh langsung mengenai pembunuhan tersebut. Maksdudoglu memfokus kepada misi yang dilakukan oleh Sulayman melebarkan wilayah penguasaan Ottoman. Secara ringkas misi yang dilakukan adalah seperti berikut: 1521: opening of Belgrade to Islam. 1522: opening of Rhodes Island to Islam. 1526: Battle of Mohacs - Hungary falls to Ottoman. 1529: First siege of Vienna. 1532: the third campaign on Hungary. 1534: Campaign on al-Iraqayn and conquest of Baghdad. 1541: the fourth campaign on Hungary. 1547: the fifth campaign on Hungary. 1549: Campaign on Iran 1513-1565: Naval activities. Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade the only mosque in Belgrade, built circa...